This survey captures various types of health care services people have received during the past three months. The care services are described as five different types of care that people may have received for each of three areas: physical health, emotional or mental health, and alcohol or drug problems.
This survey captures various types of health care services people have received during the past three months. The care services are described as five different types of care that people may have received for each of three areas: physical health, emotional or mental health, and alcohol or drug problems.
This summary of findings is to better understand the views of young people in the U.S. on HIV/AIDS at this critical juncture in the epidemic, the Kaiser Family Foundation contracted with the research firm GfK in the fall of 2012 to conduct a national survey of 1,437 teens and young adults ages 15 through 24.
Although considerable medical attention has been recently focused on AIDS, relatively little is known about the amount and nature of anxiety that this disease may be fostering in segments of society. To better understand the public’s reaction to AIDS, a multidimensional self-report measure of anxiety experienced about AIDS was developed, the Multidimensional AIDS Anxiety Questionnaire (MAAQ; Snell & Finney, 1996; Finney & Snell, 1989).
The Conflict Tactics Scale measure consists of 80 items developed by Straus (1979) to explore intrafamily conflict and violence, focusing particularly on the adults in the family. Of these 80 items, 20 are administered to the parent about his/her relationship with the child. The next 20 questions are directed to the parent about the partner and his/her interactions with the child. The last 40 questions of the measure address the interactions between the parent and the parent’s partner using the same questions.
The Spousal Assault Risk Assessment Guide, or SARA, is a 20-item paper-and-pencil checklist designed to screen for risk factors in individuals suspected of or being treated for spousal or family-related assault. Items include: past assault and threats of assault, past violation of conditional release, recent relationship problems, recent employment problems, recent substance abuse/dependence, recent suicidal or homicidal ideation/intent, personality disorder with anger and/or impulsivity, etc.
Alcohol use has an indirect effect on the risk for contracting HIV. Individuals under the influence of alcohol may be more likely to engage in HIV risk behaviors. The following instrument was developed to screen for alcohol abuse.
This scale can be used to assess for substance use problems among adolescents (Knight et al., 1999). This scale was validated on a sample of 14 – 18-year-old African Americans, Caucasians, and Latinos.
The AUDIT was developed by the World Health Organization to identify persons whose alcohol consumption has become hazardous or harmful to their health. AUDIT is a 10-item screening questionnaire with 3 questions on the amount and frequency of drinking, 3 questions on alcohol dependence, and 4 on problems caused by alcohol.
Alcohol and drug abuse have direct and indirect effects on the risk for contracting HIV. The sharing of needles during injection drug use is directly associated with the risk for contracting HIV. Indirectly, individuals may be more likely to engage in HIV risk behaviors while under the influence of alcohol or other drugs. The following is a simple screening instrument for alcohol and other drug abuse (AOD) that was developed by the Center for Substance Abuse Treatment.
ADS is a 25-item pencil and paper questionnaire, or computer self-administered or interview. ADS provides a quantitative measure of the severity of alcohol dependence symptoms. The 25 items cover alcohol withdrawal symptoms, impaired control over drinking, awareness of a compulsion to drink, increased tolerance to alcohol, and salience of drink-seeking behavior.
This 20-item instrument may be given in either a self-report or in a structured interview format; a “yes” or “no” response is requested from each of 20 questions. It is constructed similarly to the earlier Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST), and the DAST items tend to parallel those of the MAST. The purpose of the DAST is 1) to provide a brief, simple, practical, but valid method for identifying individuals who are abusing psychoactive drugs; and 2) to yield a quantitative index score of the degree of problems related to drug use and misuse.
This 20-item instrument may be given in either a self-report or in a structured interview format; a “yes” or “no” response is requested from each of 20 questions. It is constructed similarly to the earlier Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST), and the DAST items tend to parallel those of the MAST. The purpose of the DAST is 1) to provide a brief, simple, practical, but valid method for identifying individuals who are abusing psychoactive drugs; and 2) to yield a quantitative index score of the degree of problems related to drug use and misuse.
The AIDS-Risk Behavior Assessment (ARBA) is a structured interview designed specifically for use with adolescents to assess their self-reported sexual behavior, drug/alcohol use, and needle use associated with HIV-infection. It was derived from four well-established measures of sexual behavior and drug/alcohol use (Dowling et al., 1994; Institute of Behavioral Science, 1991) and assesses alcohol and drug use (e.g., lifetime use, method of use, frequency), needle use (e.g., sharing, tattooing, piercing), and sexual behavior (e.g., lifetime sexual intercourse).
A pool of 50 items was created by selecting the items of an adult autonomy questionnaire (Bekker, 1991). This questionnaire was selected because all 3 theoretical dimensions (functional, emotional and attitudinal autonomy) are represented in this item pool. However, the questionnaire is originally used for adults and many of the items are not relevant for adolescents. Subsequently, the wording of the items was adapted to make them suitable for adolescents (Noom, 1999).
An objective self-report instrument–the Clinical Anger Scale (CAS)–was designed to measure the psychological symptoms presumed to have relevance in the understanding and treatment of clinical anger. Twenty-one sets of statements were prepared for this purpose. In writing these groups of items, the format from one of Beck’s early instruments was used to design the Clinical Anger Scale (Beck et al., 1961; Beck, 1963, 1967).
The BSSS is an abbreviated and revised eight-item form of the Sensation Seeking Scale for Children (Russo et al., 1993), which includes 26 items. Participants indicate responses to all sensation seeking items using a five-point scale.
This scale has been used to assess beliefs regarding the prevention of AIDS among adolescents (Koopman et al., 1990). Five subscales have been identified through factor analysis (Koopman and Reid 1998): Perceived threat, self-control, self-efficacy, peer support for safe acts, and expectation to prevent pregnancy.
The manual contains instructions for administering the BPRS and rating the various symptoms, an interview for eliciting the symptoms of major mental disorders, and anchor points on 24 scales for rating the severity of symptoms. Twenty four distinct symptoms such as Delusions, Hallucinations, Thought Disorders, Blunted Affect, Emotional Withdrawal, Hostility, Depression, Anxiety, and Suicidality are in the BPRS.
The following instrument can be used a brief screener for HIV risk (Gerbert et al., 1998). The screener was intended for use in primary health care settings, and is self-administered. Developers: Barbara Gerbert, Amy Bronstone, Stephen McPhee, Steven Pantila, and Michael Allerton.
The World Health Organization (WHO) first developed the CIDI in 1990 (http://www3.who.int/cidi/). The CIDI (CIDI V2.1) was an expansion of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule developed by Lee Robins et. al with the support from the National Institute of Health (DIS; Robins, Helzer, Croughan and Ratcliff, 1981.The WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative was created in 1998. Scientists from participating countries from around the world came together to create measurements for risk factors, consequences, treatment, etc.
The following scale was developed by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies (Radloff, 1977). This is a short, self-reporting scale intended for the general population. A Spanish version of the scale is also available.
The CTS is designed so that it can obtain data on all possible dyadic combinations of family members. Possible CTS combinations include husband-to-wife violence/conflict, wife-to-husband violence/conflict, parent-to-child violence/conflict and child-to-parent violence/conflict. Originally developed by Straus (1979), the CTS is a widely used (over 70,000 empirical studies have used it) and thoroughly evaluated (approximately 400 papers) measure of interpersonal aggression in married or cohabitating relationships.
This scale measure global HIV competence. This scale asks questions related to discussing your illness with adolescent child(ren), being isolated by others directly as a result of your illness, and having family show they care about your illness. Developers: Center for Community Health, Semel Institute-Neuropsychiatric Institute (NPI) of the University of California, Los Angeles.
The COPE Inventory was developed to assess a broad range of coping responses, several of which had an explicit basis in theory. The inventory includes some responses that are expected to be dysfunctional, as well as some that are expected to be functional. It also includes at least 2 pairs of polar-opposite tendencies.